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    This study introduces a novel interference contrast imaging technique that enhances sensitivity and reduces noise for biological samples. The method uses a multi-round photon probing approach, significantly improving phase measurement accuracy under low light conditions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Imaging
    • Biophysics
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Optical imaging seeks enhanced sensitivity and resolution for practical applications.
    • Existing techniques face limitations in low-light conditions and phase sensitivity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a versatile interference contrast imaging technique with high phase sensitivity and a large field-of-view.
    • To improve imaging performance for photo-sensitive and biological samples.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a self-imaging non-resonant cavity for multi-round photon probing (transmissive or reflective).
    • Employed a single-photon camera with time-of-flight and pixel-off gating for individual round phase profile resolution.
    • Implemented novel data processing combining multi-round sample profiles to reduce measurement noise.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved over a four-fold reduction in phase measurement noise compared to single-round imaging.
    • Demonstrated phase measurement noise values close to theoretical predictions for optimal cavity configurations.
    • Observed good agreement with theoretical predictions, especially at low numbers of rounds.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed technique offers a significant improvement in phase sensitivity and noise reduction for optical imaging.
    • Its ease of use, without requiring lasers or cavity lock-in, makes it suitable for inspecting sensitive samples.
    • The multi-round photon probing strategy effectively enhances imaging performance under low light conditions.