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System-level noise performance of coherent imaging systems.

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    This study analyzes noise in coherent imaging, including speckle and scintillation. We developed formulas for total noise, finding it often dominates imaging performance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Image Processing
    • Signal Analysis

    Background:

    • Coherent imaging systems are susceptible to various noise sources.
    • Understanding noise is critical for accurate image interpretation and performance.
    • Conventional noise, speckle, and scintillation impact signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze noise in coherent imaging, considering speckle and scintillation.
    • To formulate closed-form expressions for total effective noise.
    • To investigate the interplay between different noise sources and their impact on SNR.

    Main Methods:

    • Analytical formulation of closed-form expressions for total effective noise.
    • Investigation of noise correlations, including photon shot noise with speckle and scintillation.
    • Wave-optics simulations to verify theoretical predictions.

    Main Results:

    • Derived closed-form expressions for total effective noise under various conditions (speckle only, scintillation only, combined).
    • Demonstrated that photon shot noise is uncorrelated with speckle and weak-to-moderate scintillation.
    • Showcased that unmitigated speckle and scintillation noise dominate performance due to squared mean-signal dependence, with strong coupling observed when both are present.

    Conclusions:

    • Developed a comprehensive understanding of noise in coherent imaging.
    • Provided tools to accurately predict SNR expectations in active illumination scenarios.
    • Findings are crucial for optimizing coherent imaging system design and application.