Artificial intelligence for glaucoma: state of the art and future perspectives

To address the current role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of glaucoma.

Current deep learning (DL) models concerning glaucoma diagnosis have shown consistently improving diagnostic capabilities, primarily based on color fundus photography and optical coherence tomography, but also with multimodal strategies. Recent models have also suggested that AI may be helpful in detecting and estimating visual field progression from different input data. Moreover, with the emergence of newer DL architectures and synthetic data, challenges such as model generalizability and explainability have begun to be tackled.

While some challenges remain before AI is routinely employed in clinical practice, new research has expanded the range in which it can be used in the context of glaucoma management and underlined the relevance of this research avenue.