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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
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Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the microscopic level, macroscopically, it can be considered continuous. Small volume elements of water, infinitesimal compared to the bulk of the bucket's volume, still contain many molecules. Under this framework, quantized matter is approximated as continuous for practical purposes.
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Electrostatic interactions between charge regulated spherical macroions.

Hu Ruixuan1, Arghya Majee2, Jure Dobnikar1,3,4,5

  • 1School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

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Macroions with dissociable surface groups exhibit charge patchiness, leading to unexpected like-charge attraction in electrolyte solutions. This phenomenon fundamentally alters electrostatic interactions in colloidal suspensions.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Understanding electrostatic interactions is crucial for charge-stabilized colloidal suspensions.
  • Macroion behavior in electrolyte solutions is complex, influenced by surface charge and dissociation.
  • Existing models often simplify charge regulation, limiting predictive power.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electrostatic interactions between two charge-regulating spherical macroions.
  • To model charge dissociation using the Frumkin-Fowler-Guggenheim isotherm for multiple equilibrium states.
  • To explore symmetry-breaking transitions and their impact on macroion interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Mean-field Poisson-Boltzmann theory with charge regulation boundary conditions.
  • Modeling charge dissociation via the Frumkin-Fowler-Guggenheim isotherm.
  • Analyzing solutions for interactions between spherical macroions in a monovalent electrolyte.

Main Results:

  • Observed symmetry-breaking transitions from symmetric to asymmetric charge distribution.
  • Discovered annealed charge patchiness on macroion surfaces.
  • Demonstrated like-charge attraction even in univalent electrolytes due to charge patchiness.

Conclusions:

  • Charge regulation significantly modifies electrostatic interactions in colloidal systems.
  • Annealed charge patchiness is a key mechanism driving like-charge attraction.
  • Findings challenge conventional understanding of electrostatic stabilization in suspensions.