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Related Concept Videos

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Double Posteromedial Approach for Treating Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts
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Patellar Dislocation: Workup and Decision-Making.

Panagiotis V Samelis1,2, Panagiotis Koulouvaris3, Olga Savvidou2

  • 1Orthopaedics, Children's General Hospital Panagiotis and Aglaia Kyriakou, Athens, GRC.

Cureus
|November 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Acute patellar dislocation (PD) is common in young athletes and often linked to ligament injury. MPFL reconstruction is a key treatment for recurrent PD, aiming to restore knee stability and function.

Keywords:
dislocationextensorkneemechanismmpflmpmlmptlpatellavalgusvmo

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Acute patellar dislocation (PD) is a frequent sports injury in adolescents and young adults.
  • It results from indirect knee forces causing valgus and external tibial rotation, often involving medial patellar stabilizers like the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL).
  • Predisposing factors include ligamentous integrity, abnormal patellofemoral joint (PFJ) anatomy, and lower limb alignment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the etiology, predisposing factors, and treatment strategies for acute patellar dislocation.
  • To compare the effectiveness of different surgical approaches for patellar instability.
  • To highlight the role of MPFL reconstruction in managing recurrent patellar dislocations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on acute patellar dislocation and patellar instability.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to PD, including anatomical and biomechanical aspects.
  • Evaluation of conservative and surgical treatment options, focusing on anatomic versus non-anatomic procedures.

Main Results:

  • Anatomic procedures, particularly MPFL reconstruction, are more effective in preventing recurrent PD than non-anatomic techniques.
  • MPFL rupture occurs in most PD cases, making MPFL reconstruction a primary surgical choice for recurrent instability.
  • Restoration of lower limb alignment is increasingly incorporated into surgical management.

Conclusions:

  • MPFL reconstruction is the cornerstone of surgical treatment for recurrent patellar dislocations.
  • Addressing multiple instability factors, including lower limb alignment, may be necessary for optimal outcomes.
  • While aiming to restore function, return to elite sports after PD remains challenging.