Acute Myeloid Leukemia Masquerading As Testicular Mass: A Case Report

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is the occurrence of primitive granulocytic precursors in various extramedullary sites. It can occur as an isolated disease, present concomitantly, or during the relapse of various myeloid neoplasms. A high index of clinical suspicion is warranted owing to its varied clinical presentation, rarity of diagnosis, inadequate immunohistochemical techniques, and challenging treatment. The occurrence of myeloid sarcoma of the testis, either as an independent entity or as an initial presentation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is exceedingly uncommon, with only a few documented cases in the literature. In this case study, we present a patient who initially presented with testicular swelling, later identified as MS, and subsequently diagnosed as AML through a bone marrow aspirate. This report discusses the diagnostic difficulties encountered and the available therapeutic options for managing MS.