Jug r 1 sensitization in 0- to 35-month-old children with egg, milk, or wheat sensitization

The incidence of tree nut allergies in children is increasing, with walnut allergy being the most common in the United States and Japan. Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, frequently occur at the first intake of tree nuts, suggesting prior sensitization.

Our aim was to identify which children should be considered for workup for preexisting sensitization.

Juglans regia (Jug r) 1-specific IgE screening for 0- to 35-month-old children who had a positive specific IgE result for egg white, milk, or wheat and had never ingested walnuts was conducted at a food allergy referral hospital between November 2018 and December 2022. Clinical data regarding age; sex; allergic disease complications; and egg, milk, or wheat allergy were examined retrospectively.

The rate of Jug r 1-specific IgE positivity (level > 0.34 kU_A/L) of 205 children (125 of whom were boys) was 9.8%, with a median Jug r 1-specific IgE level of 12.5 kU_A/L in patients with a positive test result. Eczema was observed in 119 patients (58%). The rate of Jug r 1-specific IgE positivity was significantly higher in the eczema-positive group (15.1% [18 of 119]) than in the eczema-negative group (2.3% [2 of 86]) (P = .002). In the eczema-positive group, the rates of Jug r 1-specific IgE positivity per sensitized antigen were 13.7% for egg, 17.0% for milk, and 17.1% for wheat. The rate of Jug r 1-specific IgE positivity was significantly higher in the group with severe eczema (26.6% [17 of 64]) than in the group with nonsevere eczema (1.8% [1 of 55]) (P < .001).

Even in children younger than 3 years, 15% of children with eczema and egg, milk, or wheat sensitization were sensitized to Jug r 1.