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Related Concept Videos

Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

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Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
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Causal relationship between breakfast skipping and bone mineral density: a two-sample Mendelian randomized study.

Jinsheng Yu1, Chen Zhuang2, Wenxuan Guo3

  • 1The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|November 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Skipping breakfast does not causally impact bone mineral density (BMD) across various skeletal sites and age groups. This Mendelian randomization study confirms no link between breakfast habits and bone health.

Keywords:
Mendelian randomizationbone mineral densitybreakfast skippingcausal relationshipgenetics

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Epidemiology
  • Genetic Epidemiology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Breakfast consumption is a common dietary habit with potential implications for overall health.
  • Bone mineral density (BMD) is a critical indicator of bone health and fracture risk.
  • Understanding lifestyle factors influencing BMD is crucial for public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential causal association between the habit of skipping breakfast and bone mineral density (BMD).
  • To utilize a robust two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach for assessing this relationship.
  • To analyze the association across multiple skeletal sites and age demographics.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design using publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data.
  • Utilized five statistical methods including inverse-variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode.
  • Assessed heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and performed leave-one-out analyses to ensure result validity.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant causal relationship was identified between skipping breakfast and BMD at the forearm, femoral neck, or lumbar spine using the primary IVW method.
  • Further analyses incorporating BMD data stratified by five age groups also revealed no apparent causal effect.
  • All supplementary MR methods, heterogeneity tests, pleiotropy assessments, and leave-one-out analyses supported the robustness and reliability of the findings.

Conclusions:

  • The study concludes that there is no discernible causal effect of skipping breakfast on bone mineral density.
  • These findings suggest that breakfast skipping is unlikely to be a direct risk factor for reduced bone health.
  • The results provide strong evidence against a causal link, irrespective of skeletal site or age group examined.