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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Initial Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes.

Ji Yoon Kim1, Nam Hoon Kim2

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Endocrinology and Metabolism (Seoul, Korea)
|November 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Initial combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2D) offers better glycemic control and fewer complications than stepwise approaches. Clinicians should weigh benefits against potential harms for optimal patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, type 2Drug therapy, combinationGlycemic controlHypoglycemic agents

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive condition with challenges in achieving durable glycemic control.
  • Intensive glycemic control is vital for preventing diabetes-related complications.
  • Monotherapy or stepwise add-on approaches are often insufficient for long-term glycemic management.

Conclusions:

  • Initial combination therapy is a viable option for managing T2D, offering significant glycemic benefits.
  • Careful consideration of cost and adverse events is necessary when implementing combination therapy.
  • Personalized strategies balancing benefits and harms are crucial for optimal T2D management.