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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models00:57

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models

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Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Three-Compartment Open Model01:06

Three-Compartment Open Model

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The three-compartment open model is a pharmacokinetic model used to describe the distribution and elimination of drugs following extravascular administration. It comprises a central compartment representing the plasma and two peripheral compartments. The highly perfused peripheral compartment represents organs and tissues with a rich blood supply, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The scarcely perfused peripheral compartment represents tissues with lower blood supply, such as adipose...
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Typical Model Studies01:30

Typical Model Studies

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Fluid mechanics model studies often utilize scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior in full-scale environments, such as river flows, dam spillways, and structures interacting with open surfaces. Maintaining Froude number similarity in river models is crucial, as it replicates surface flow features like wave patterns and velocities.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180° Curved Artery Test Section
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A theoretical model for diffusion through stenosis.

A K Awasthi1, Harpreet Kaur1, Rajendra Kumar Tripathi2

  • 1Department of Mathematics, School of Chemical Engineering & Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India.

Heliyon
|November 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Arterial stenosis, an abnormal artery growth, alters blood flow hemodynamics. Understanding flow characteristics in narrowed arteries is crucial for preventing cardiovascular disease.

Keywords:
Bessel functionsDiffusionDiseasePeripheral layerStenosisSymmetric axiallyVelocityViscosityWall shearing

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Cardiovascular Science

Background:

  • Arterial stenosis involves abnormal lumen growth, altering blood flow hemodynamics.
  • These hemodynamic changes can negatively impact vascular health.
  • Understanding blood flow in stenotic arteries is vital for disease prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze blood flow characteristics in the presence of arterial stenosis.
  • To investigate the effects of stenosis on hemodynamic parameters like velocity, pressure, and wall shear stress.
  • To develop analytical models for flow resistance and diffusion through stenotic regions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a two-fluid blood model: a core of micro-polar fluid and a periphery of Newtonian blood.
  • Investigated flow in a channel with moderate stenosis.
  • Derived analytical equations using modified Bessel functions of zero and first order.

Main Results:

  • Determined velocity distribution, pressure, and wall shearing stress.
  • Found that wall shear stress decreases with lower peripheral viscosity but increases with stenosis size.
  • Quantified flow resistance and diffusion through the stenosis.

Conclusions:

  • Flow resistance and wall shear stress are significantly influenced by stenosis size and fluid viscosity.
  • Analytical solutions provide insights into hemodynamic changes caused by stenosis.
  • A comprehensive understanding of stenotic blood flow is essential for managing arterial diseases.