R-SNARE protein YKT61 mediates root apical meristem cell division via BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 recycling

Root growth is sustained by cell division and differentiation of the root apical meristem (RAM), in which brassinosteroid (BR) signaling mediated via the dynamic targeting of BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) plays complex roles. BRI1 is constitutively secreted to the plasma membrane (PM), internalized, and recycled or delivered into vacuoles, whose PM abundance is critical for BR signaling. Vesicle-target membrane fusion is regulated by heterotetrameric SNARE complexes. SNARE proteins have been implicated in BRI1 targeting, but how SNAREs affect RAM development is unclear. We report that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) YKT61, an atypical R-SNARE protein, is critical for BR-controlled RAM development through the dynamic targeting of BRI1. Functional loss of YKT61 is lethal for both male and female gametophytes. By using weak mutant alleles of YKT61, ykt61-partially complemented (ykt61-pc), we show that YKT61 knockdown results in a reduction of RAM length due to reduced cell division, similar to that in bri1-116. YKT61 physically interacts with BRI1 and is critical for the dynamic recycling of BRI1 to the PM. We further determine that YKT61 is critical for the dynamic biogenesis of vacuoles, for the maintenance of Golgi morphology, and for endocytosis, which may have a broad effect on development. Endomembrane compartments connected via vesicular machinery, such as SNAREs, influence nuclear-controlled cellular activities such as division and differentiation by affecting the dynamic targeting of membrane proteins, supporting a retro-signaling pathway from the endomembrane system to the nucleus.