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Related Concept Videos

Neurotransmitters01:31

Neurotransmitters

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Neurotransmitters are essential chemical messengers within the nervous system, facilitating the communication between neurons. These chemical messengers, varying in function and effect, are critical for sustaining various aspects of neurological health and emotional well-being.
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Synaptic Signaling01:12

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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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Neurochemical transmission, the conduction of electrical impulses between neurons mediated by neurotransmitters, plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Autonomic drugs exert their effects by modulating neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system. For instance, drugs such as hemicholinium block the precursor uptake necessary for synthesizing acetylcholine, an essential autonomic neurotransmitter. Following synthesis, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles. Metyrosine...
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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Microtransplantation of Synaptic Membranes to Reactivate Human Synaptic Receptors for Functional Studies
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Oxysterols in Central and Peripheral Synaptic Communication.

Alexey M Petrov1,2,3

  • 1Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", Kazan, RT, Russia. alexey.petrov@kazangmu.ru.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|November 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Oxysterols, oxidized cholesterol molecules, significantly impact synaptic transmission by modulating neurotransmitter receptors and signaling pathways. These compounds offer potential therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.

Keywords:
Adrenergic receptorAmyloid beta peptideCholesterolEpilepsyLipid raftLiver X receptorNMDA receptorNeurodegenerationNeuromuscular junctionNeurotransmitter releaseNitric oxideOxysterolReactive oxygen speciesSynaptic transmissionSynaptic vesicle

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cholesterol is crucial for synaptic transmission in both central and peripheral nervous systems.
  • Intense neuronal activity leads to cholesterol oxidation, forming oxysterols that regulate synaptic functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of oxysterols in synaptic transmission and their potential as therapeutic agents.
  • To understand how different oxysterols, like 24-, 27-, and 25-hydroxycholesterol, affect neuronal function and plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cholesterol oxidation and oxysterol function in the brain.
  • Analysis of the impact of various oxysterols on neurotransmitter receptors, signaling molecules, and synaptic vesicle cycling.

Main Results:

  • Oxysterols modulate neurotransmitter receptors (NMDA, adrenergic), signaling molecules (NOS, PKC, LXR), and synaptic vesicle cycling.
  • Specific oxysterols like 24-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, and 25-hydroxycholesterol have distinct effects on synapses, synaptogenesis, plasticity, and inflammation.
  • Ring-oxidized sterols can disrupt or modulate neurotransmission at presynaptic and postsynaptic levels.

Conclusions:

  • Oxysterols serve as critical regulators of synaptic function and neuronal communication.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting oxysterol pathways show promise for treating neurological conditions such as NMDA receptor hypofunction, epilepsy, and excitotoxicity.