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Related Concept Videos

Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Generation and Assembly of Virus-Specific Nucleocapsids of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus
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Generation and Assembly of Virus-Specific Nucleocapsids of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Published on: July 27, 2021

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The capsid revolution.

Ian A Taylor1, Ariberto Fassati2,3

  • 1M acromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.

Journal of Molecular Cell Biology
|December 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lenacapavir, a new antiretroviral drug, targets the HIV-1 capsid. This breakthrough stems from a deeper understanding of the capsid protein's crucial role in the HIV-1 life cycle.

Keywords:
CPSF6HIV-1 capsidIP6Lenacapavirintegrationnucleusreverse transcription

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Drug Discovery
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) capsid was historically viewed as a simple structural component.
  • Recent research has revealed the capsid's complex and essential roles throughout the HIV-1 life cycle.
  • Advances in understanding capsid protein functions paved the way for novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight key scientific advancements leading to the development of capsid-targeting antiretrovirals.
  • To explain the 'capsid revolution' in HIV-1 research.
  • To underscore the significance of the capsid's multifaceted role in viral replication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on HIV-1 capsid structure and function.
  • Analysis of key discoveries in virology and molecular biology.
  • Correlation of fundamental research with drug development outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The HIV-1 capsid is integral to viral infectivity, nuclear entry, and integration.
  • Understanding capsid-host factor interactions is critical for viral replication.
  • These insights enabled the development of first-in-class capsid inhibitors like Lenacapavir.

Conclusions:

  • Lenacapavir represents a significant therapeutic advance, targeting the HIV-1 capsid.
  • The 'capsid revolution' has transformed our understanding of HIV-1 biology.
  • Targeting the HIV-1 capsid offers a promising new avenue for antiretroviral therapy.