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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and Drowned...
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Practical Guide to Measuring Wetland Carbon Pools and Fluxes.

Sheel Bansal1, Irena F Creed2, Brian A Tangen1

  • 1U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA.

Wetlands (Wilmington, N.C.)
|December 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details methods for measuring wetland carbon (C) sequestration and emissions. Understanding these processes is vital for using wetlands as nature-based climate solutions.

Keywords:
AccretionAccumulationBiomassBulk densityCarbon cyclingChambersCoreDecompositionDissolved gasDissolved organic carbonEddy covarianceGreenhouse gasGroundwaterHydrologyIncubationLateral transportLitterMethaneMethodsMicrobesModelsNet primary productivityPlantsPorewaterRadiometric datingRemote sensingSedimentSoil organic carbonVegetationWater

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecology
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Wetlands significantly impact global carbon cycling, influencing sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Quantifying wetland carbon pools and fluxes is complex due to dynamic biogeochemical processes.
  • Diverse methodologies exist, varying in temporal and spatial scales for wetland carbon assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize common and advanced methods for quantifying wetland carbon pools and fluxes.
  • To define key carbon pools and fluxes and explain their significance in wetland ecosystems.
  • To provide practical guidance on applying these measurement approaches.

Main Methods:

  • The review synthesizes observational, experimental, and analytical techniques for wetland carbon measurement.
  • It details the spatial and temporal representativeness and limitations of each method.
  • Practical considerations including site, timing, expertise, equipment, and cost are discussed.

Main Results:

  • Various methods are presented for measuring soil, water, vegetation, and gas components of wetland carbon.
  • Key covariates and ancillary measurements that improve data interpretation and model development are identified.
  • The review emphasizes the importance of data quality and consistency across studies.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized and consistent data collection protocols are crucial for reducing global uncertainties in wetland carbon research.
  • Accurate quantification of wetland carbon dynamics supports the development of effective nature-based climate solutions.
  • The described protocols are applicable to broader ecological studies.