Scroll Waves and Filaments in Excitable Media of Higher Spatial Dimension

Excitable media are ubiquitous in nature, and in such systems the local excitation tends to self-organize in traveling waves, or in rotating spiral-shaped patterns in two or three spatial dimensions. Examples include waves during a pandemic or electrical scroll waves in the heart. Here we show that such phenomena can be extended to a space of four or more dimensions and propose that connections of excitable elements in a network setting can be regarded as additional spatial dimensions. Numerical simulations are performed in four dimensions using the FitzHugh-Nagumo model, showing that the vortices rotate around a two-dimensional surface which we define as the superfilament. Evolution equations are derived for general superfilaments of codimension two in an N-dimensional space, and their equilibrium configurations are proven to be minimal surfaces. We suggest that biological excitable systems, such as the heart or brain which have nonlocal connections can be regarded, at least partially, as multidimensional excitable media and discuss further possible studies in this direction.