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Updated: Jul 9, 2025

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Published on: July 3, 2013
Trimethylamine N-oxide and kidney diseases: what do we know?
Ozkan Gungor1, Nuri Baris Hasbal2, Demet Alaygut3
1Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
Abstract:
In the human gut, there is a metabolically active microbiome whose metabolic products reach various organs and are used in the physiological activities of the body. When dysbiosis of intestinal microbial homeostasis occurs, pathogenic metabolites may increase and one of them is trimethyl amine-N-oxide (TMAO). TMAO is thought to have a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic heart diseases, and cerebrovascular events. TMAO level is also associated with renal inflammation, fibrosis, acute kidney injury, diabetic kidney disease, and chronic kidney disease. In this review, the effect of TMAO on various kidney diseases is discussed.
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