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Related Concept Videos

Surveys02:16

Surveys

14.8K
Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Cochran's Q Test01:17

Cochran's Q Test

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Cochran's Q Test is a nonparametric statistical test used to determine if there are potential differences in the outcomes of three or more related groups on a binary (yes/no) or dichotomous outcome. It is essentially an extension of the McNemar Test, which is limited to two related samples - Cochran's Q test can handle three or more related samples, making it more versatile in scenarios where subjects are measured under multiple conditions. The test statistic follows a Chi-Square...
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Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

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Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
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Testing a Claim about Standard Deviation01:19

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A complete procedure to test a claim about population standard deviation or population variance is explained here.
The hypothesis testing for the claim of population standard deviation (or variance) requires the data and samples to be random and unbiased. The population distribution also must be normal. There is no specific requirement on the sample size as the estimation is based on the chi-square distribution.
As a first step, the hypothesis (null and alternative) concerning the claim about...
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Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

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Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
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Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test01:00

Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test

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When one or more data points appear far from the rest of the data, there is a need to determine whether they are outliers and whether they should be eliminated from the data set to ensure an accurate representation of the measured value. In many cases, outliers arise from gross errors (or human errors) and do not accurately reflect the underlying phenomenon. In some cases, however, these apparent outliers reflect true phenomenological differences. In these cases, we can use statistical methods...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats
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Changing test answers: A scoping review.

Jean S Coffey1, Annette T Maruca1, E Carol Polifroni2

  • 1231 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, CT 06268, United States of America.

Nurse Education Today
|December 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Changing answers on exams can improve scores, contrary to common assumptions. This review found that answer changes often lead to more correct answers, with score improvements up to 45.15%.

Keywords:
BacktrackingChanging answersScoping reviewTest wiseness

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Academic Assessment

Background:

  • Contradictory beliefs persist globally regarding the impact of changing answers on examination performance across various academic levels.
  • Nursing education, in particular, faces ongoing debate about the value of allowing students to alter their initial responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a scoping review exploring existing evidence on answer changing among undergraduate and graduate students.
  • To specifically focus on the implications of answer changing within the context of nursing education.

Main Methods:

  • A scoping review guided by the Arksey and O'Malley framework and reported using the PRISMA-ScR checklist.
  • Systematic literature search using keywords like 'answer changing,' 'backtracking,' and 'test wiseness' across multiple databases.
  • Inclusion of ten studies meeting criteria for undergraduate or graduate students from diverse disciplines, with a focus on nursing education.

Main Results:

  • The review revealed that changing answers predominantly resulted in converting incorrect responses to correct ones.
  • Significant score improvements were observed, with some studies reporting increases as high as 45.15% due to answer modifications.

Conclusions:

  • Findings challenge the assumption that answer changing negatively affects exam scores, suggesting it can enhance accuracy.
  • The evidence supports permitting answer changes in academic assessments.
  • Further research is recommended due to the heterogeneity of methodologies employed in the reviewed studies.