Degradation of Ampicillin with antibiotic activity removal using persulfate and submersible UVC LED: Kinetics,...

Effective water treatment to remove antibiotics and its activity from contaminated water is urgently needed to prevent antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) emergence. In this study, we investigated degradation of Ampicillin (AMP), an extensively used β-lactam antibiotic, using submersible Ultraviolet C Light Emitting Diode (λ_max = 276 nm) irradiation source, and Persulfate (UVC LED/PS system). Pseudo first order rate constant (k_obs) for degradation of AMP (1 ppm) by UVC LED/PS system was determined to be 0.5133 min^-1 (PS = 0.2 mM). k_obs value at pH 2.5 (0.7259 min^-1) was found to be higher than pH 6.5 (0.5133 min^-1) and pH 12 (0.1745 min^-1). k_obs value for degradation of AMP in deionized water spiked with inorganic anions (Cl^-=0.5369 min^-1,SO₄^2-=0.4545 min^-1, NO₃^-=0.1526 min^-1, HCO₃^-=0.0226 min^-1), in real tap water (0.1182 min^-1) and simulated ground water (0.0372 min^-1) were presented. Radical scavenging experiment reveal involvement of sulfate radical anion and hydroxyl radical in UVC LED/PS system. EPR analysis confirms the generation of sulfate radical anion and hydroxyl radical. Importantly, 74% reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) occurred within 60 min of AMP treatment by UVC LED/PS system. Seven degradation by-products were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry, and degradation pathways were proposed. Antibacterial activity of AMP towards Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus was completely removed after UVC LED/PS treatment. ECOSAR model predicted no very toxic degradation by-products generation by UVC LED/PS system. Electrical Energy per order (EEo) and cost of UVC LED/PS system were determined to be 0.9351 kW/m³/order and ₹ 7.91/m³ ($ 0.095/m³ or € 0.087/m³), respectively. Overall, this study highlights, UVC LED/PS system as energy efficient, low-cost, and its potential to emerge as sulfate radical anion based advanced oxidation process (AOP) to treat water with antibiotics.