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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
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Centrosome Duplication

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...
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Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Defining a core configuration for human centromeres during mitosis.

Ayantika Sen Gupta1, Chris Seidel1, Dai Tsuchiya1

  • 1Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.

Nature Communications
|December 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals the 3D organization of centromere components, showing how cohesin, CENP-A, and DNA form a core structure essential for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Centromere components like cohesin, CENP-A, and DNA are crucial for sister chromatid biorientation and segregation.
  • Understanding the 3D organization of these components is key to deciphering centromere function during mitosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the 3D geometry of essential centromeric components on human chromosomes.
  • To develop a model for the common core configuration of centromeric elements.

Main Methods:

  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq).
  • Super-resolution microscopy with single-particle averaging.

Main Results:

  • Cohesin is enriched at pericentromeric DNA.
  • CENP-A localizes to specific α-satellite DNA subsets, forming clusters separated by cohesin axes.
  • Diverse α-satellite array sizes result in a conserved core structure.

Conclusions:

  • A working model for the common core configuration of CENP-A nucleosomes, α-satellite DNA, and pericentromeric cohesin is presented.
  • This structure provides a foundation for understanding centromere function and chromosome segregation machinery.