Optical bistability modulation based on graphene sandwich structure with topological interface modes

In this paper, we have investigated optical bistability modulation of transmitted beam that can be achieved by graphene sandwich structure with topological interface modes at terahertz frequency. Graphene with strong nonlinear optical effect was combined with sandwich photonic crystal to form a new sandwich structure with topological interface modes. The light-limiting properties of the topological interface modes, as well as its high unidirectionality and high transmission efficiency, all contribute positively to the reduction of the optical bistability threshold. In addition, the topological interface modes can effectively ensure the stability of the two steady state switching in the case of external interference. Moreover, optical bistability is closely related to the incident angle, the Fermi energy, the relaxation time, and the number of layers of graphene. Through parameter optimization, optical bistability with threshold of 10⁵ V/m can be obtained, which has reached or is close to the range of the weak field.