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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
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Optical bistability modulation based on graphene sandwich structure with topological interface modes.

Fengyu Li, Jiao Xu, Wei Li

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    This study demonstrates optical bistability modulation using a graphene sandwich structure with topological interface modes. This novel approach significantly reduces the threshold for optical bistability in terahertz applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Condensed Matter Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Graphene exhibits a strong nonlinear optical effect, making it suitable for optical devices.
    • Photonic crystals offer unique light manipulation properties.
    • Topological interface modes provide enhanced light control, including unidirectionality and high transmission.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate optical bistability modulation in a novel graphene-graphene photonic crystal sandwich structure.
    • To explore the role of topological interface modes in reducing the optical bistability threshold.
    • To analyze the influence of various parameters on optical bistability performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a sandwich structure combining graphene with a photonic crystal.
    • Theoretical investigation of light propagation and nonlinear optical effects within the structure.
    • Analysis of topological interface modes and their light-limiting properties.
    • Numerical simulations to study the dependence of optical bistability on incident angle, Fermi energy, relaxation time, and graphene layer number.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed structure exhibits light-limiting properties due to topological interface modes.
    • High unidirectionality and transmission efficiency of topological interface modes contribute to a reduced optical bistability threshold.
    • The topological interface modes ensure stable switching between two steady states under external interference.
    • Optical bistability is found to be sensitive to incident angle, Fermi energy, relaxation time, and graphene layer number.

    Conclusions:

    • A graphene sandwich structure with topological interface modes can effectively modulate optical bistability at terahertz frequencies.
    • The study achieved an optical bistability threshold as low as 10^5 V/m, approaching weak-field conditions.
    • This research offers a promising pathway for developing advanced optical switching and limiting devices.