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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Photo-Activated Growth and Metastable Phase Transition in Metallic Solid Solutions.

Andrew Martin1,2, Alana M Pauls1,2, Boyce Chang2

  • 1North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|December 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates a novel laser processing technique for metals, utilizing metastable states to achieve unique material properties. The method enables precise control over composition and structure, creating stable, energy-rich materials.

Keywords:
Marangoni flowinformation storagelaser processingmetastabilityphoton-material interactionsolid solution

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Laser Processing
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Metals typically undergo phase transformation via heating in laser processing, limited by low absorptivity.
  • Metastable states offer unique energetic and structural properties for material manipulation.
  • Exploiting these states allows for energy landscape tuning via selective stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel laser processing method using metastable states in metals.
  • To stabilize an undercooled metallic state using thin passivating oxides.
  • To induce controlled phase transitions and create metastable solids with asymmetric composition.

Main Methods:

  • Stabilization of undercooled metallic states using thin passivating oxides.
  • Photo-perturbation of near-surface order to induce Marangoni flows.
  • Controlled edge-coalescence and phase transition into metastable solids.

Main Results:

  • Successful stabilization of an undercooled metallic state.
  • Induction of convective Marangoni flows and edge-coalescence.
  • Formation of metastable solids with asymmetric near-surface and core composition.
  • Demonstration of a self-terminating process creating contained systems with high relaxation energy barriers.

Conclusions:

  • The developed laser processing technique enables the creation of deep metastable states in metals.
  • This method offers precise control over material composition and structure.
  • The self-terminating process ensures system stability for extended periods.