Breast Health Awareness: Understanding Health-Seeking Behavior in Western Kenya

In Kenya, patients with breast cancer predominantly present with late-stage disease and experience poor outcomes. To promote early-stage diagnosis, we implemented the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program (ABCCCP) in Western Kenya.

The aim of this study was to assess differences between patients presenting to health facilities and health fairs.

This was an institutional Review and Ethics Commitee-approved retrospective cohort study of all individuals who underwent clinical breast examination (CBE) via local healthcare workers in Western Kenya. From 2017 to 2021, the program hosted health fairs, and trained healthcare providers at health facilities to complete CBEs. Results were analyzed using the Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with an α < 0.05.

Over a 5-year period, the ABCCCP completed 61,812 CBEs with 75.9% (n = 46,902) performed at a health facility. Patients presenting to health fairs were older (44 vs. 38 years; p < 0.0001) and had higher risk factor rates including early menarche, family history of breast and ovarian cancer, and use of alcohol or smoking. Only 27.6% of patients with an abnormal CBE underwent core needle biopsy, and only 5.2% underwent repeat CBE over the 5-year period, of whom 90.3% presented to health facilities.

Successful uptake of CBE through the ABCCCP is the first step to introduce breast health awareness (BHA). Benefits of broad advertisements for health fairs in promoting BHA may be limited to a single event. Poor rates of repeat examinations and diagnostic testing of abnormal CBEs indicate additional resources should be allocated to educating patients, including about possible treatment trajectories for breast cancer.