Perspective: microbial interventions in the urinary tract

Despite multiple advances in medicine, the management of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women has remained stalled for decades. To prevent the development of symptomatic recurrences, low-dose antibiotics are the mainstay, while alternative approaches have been attempted with limited success. The use of probiotics was first considered forty years ago, and while some promising studies have been published, additional evidence in larger patient groups is needed to recommend specific strains as a primary preventive regimen. Overall, the role of beneficial microbes in reducing the risk of UTI and other urological diseases, such as urolithiasis, remains a target for researchers. The aim of this perspective is to offer a viewpoint on the status of this approach and recommendations for how to develop novel probiotic therapies.