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Fabrication of Engineered Vascular Flaps Using 3D Printing Technologies
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Clopidogrel-loaded vascular grafts prepared using digital light processing 3D printing.

Masoud Adhami1, Camila J Picco1, Usanee Detamornrat1

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.

Drug Delivery and Translational Research
|December 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Biodegradable 3D-printed vascular grafts loaded with clopidogrel (CLOP) show sustained drug release for 27 days, reducing platelet deposition and promoting cell growth for improved cardiovascular treatments.

Keywords:
3D printingClopidogrelDigital light processingVascular grafts

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cardiovascular Engineering
  • 3D Printing Technology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating effective vascular replacement or bypass strategies.
  • While endovascular techniques have advanced, vascular bypass grafting remains crucial for long-term revascularization, driving demand for biocompatible synthetic grafts.
  • Existing synthetic grafts face challenges in meeting the complex mechanical and biological requirements for vascular repair.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize biodegradable clopidogrel (CLOP)-loaded vascular grafts using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing.
  • To evaluate the mechanical properties, drug release kinetics, hemocompatibility, and cellular interactions of the fabricated grafts.
  • To assess the efficacy of CLOP-loaded grafts in reducing platelet deposition and promoting cell viability and growth.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of vascular grafts using DLP 3D printing with a blend of polylactic acid-polyurethane acrylate (PLA-PUA) and low molecular weight polycaprolactone (L-PCL).
  • Incorporation of clopidogrel (CLOP) at varying concentrations into the graft material.
  • Comprehensive characterization including mechanical testing, drug release studies, haemolysis assays, and cell culture experiments (attachment, viability, growth).

Main Results:

  • 3D-printed vascular grafts demonstrated sustained clopidogrel release for up to 27 days, particularly with 20% (w/w) CLOP loading.
  • CLOP-loaded grafts significantly reduced platelet deposition compared to unloaded controls.
  • All tested 3D-printed materials exhibited low haemolysis (<5%) and supported cellular attachment, viability, and proliferation, with enhanced cell growth observed in drug-loaded grafts.

Conclusions:

  • DLP 3D printing enables the fabrication of customized, biodegradable vascular grafts with tailored mechanical and biological properties.
  • The developed CLOP-loaded vascular grafts offer promising hemocompatibility and sustained drug delivery, potentially reducing thrombotic events.
  • These 3D-printed grafts provide a supportive scaffold for cell integration, indicating their potential for advanced cardiovascular applications.