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Updated: Jul 9, 2025

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Mach's principle and Mach's hypotheses.

Jonathan Fay1

  • 1University of Bristol, Cotham House, Bristol, BS6 6JL, United Kingdom.

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
|December 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Mach's principle reinterprets inertial motion not as uncaused, but as caused by environmental factors. This analysis clarifies Mach's early writings on inertia and supports early Einstein's research program.

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • History of Science

Background:

  • Ernst Mach critiqued Newton's first law, proposing inertia is environmentally caused.
  • Mach's principle has been subject to interpretation due to his later avoidance of causal language.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the fundamental assertion of Mach's principle regarding inertial motion.
  • To distinguish Mach's formal requirement from hypotheses on the origin of inertia.
  • To analyze Mach's early writings to resolve interpretive controversies.

Main Methods:

  • Close textual analysis of Mach's early writings.
  • Distinguishing Mach's formal principle from specific causal hypotheses.
  • Assessing secondary literature, including accounts by Norton and DiSalle.
Keywords:
CausationInertiaMach

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Main Results:

  • Inertial motion is defined by Mach as caused by homogeneous environmental aspects, not by absence of causes.
  • Mach's early writings provide a less ambiguous expression of his critique.
  • The study defends the Machian legitimacy of early Einstein's research.

Conclusions:

  • Mach's principle fundamentally links inertia to environmental causes.
  • Understanding Mach's early thought is crucial for resolving interpretive debates.
  • Early Einstein's research aligns with Machian principles.