Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
10:44

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Published on: April 19, 2019

10.8K

[A correspondence in Munich: Karl Valentin and Ferdinand Sauerbruch]

Tilman Sauerbruch

    Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
    |December 5, 2023
    PubMed

    More Related Videos

    Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers08:51

    Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

    Published on: August 18, 2017

    10.3K
    Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays06:03

    Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays

    Published on: September 20, 2024

    1.3K

    Related Concept Videos

    Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene01:11

    Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene

    The Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions involve the addition of an acyl group to an aromatic ring. These reactions proceed via electrophilic aromatic substitution by employing an acyl chloride and a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride to form aryl ketone.
    7.1K
    Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

    Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

    Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
    1.9K
    Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene01:17

    Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene

    Friedel–Crafts reactions were developed in 1877 by the French chemist Charles Friedel and the American chemist James Crafts. Friedel–Crafts alkylation refers to the replacement of an aromatic proton with an alkyl group via electrophilic aromatic substitution. A Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride reacts with an alkyl halide to form a carbocation. The resulting carbocation then reacts with the aromatic ring and undergoes a series of electron rearrangements before giving the...
    6.6K
    Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions01:26

    Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions

    Several restrictions limit the use of Friedel–Crafts reactions. First, the halogen in the alkyl halide must be attached to an sp3-hybridized carbon for the Friedel–Crafts reactions to occur. Vinyl or aryl halides do not react since the carbocations formed are unstable under the reaction conditions. Second, Friedel–Crafts alkylation is susceptible to carbocation rearrangement, and the major products obtained have a rearranged carbon skeleton. In contrast, the acylium ion is...
    5.4K
    Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

    Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

    Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
    6.1K
    Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

    Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

    Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
    8.2K