Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Menopause

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle. At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

Menses Phase

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...

The Menstrual Cycle

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same journal

Dual antihypertensive fixed-dose combinations approved for first-line use on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.

Australian prescriber·2026

Same journal

Capivasertib for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.

Australian prescriber·2026

Same journal

Diagnosis and management of irritable bowel syndrome.

Australian prescriber·2026

Same journal

Stopping antidepressants: when and how.

Australian prescriber·2026

Same journal

Emergency contraception: an overview.

Australian prescriber·2026

Same journal

Sodium valproate: balancing benefits and risks especially in people of childbearing potential.

Australian prescriber·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Management of menopause.

Karen Magraith^1,2,3,4,5, Christina Jang^1,2,3,4,5

¹South Hobart, Tasmania.

Australian Prescriber

|December 6, 2023

Summary

Menopausal hormone therapy effectively treats diverse menopause symptoms and is recommended for premature ovarian insufficiency. Nonhormonal options exist for those unable to use hormone therapy.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine with Modern Pharmacology and Genomics for Assessing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Author Spotlight: Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine with Modern Pharmacology and Genomics for Assessing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2024

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

Published on: April 7, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Author Spotlight: Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine with Modern Pharmacology and Genomics for Assessing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Author Spotlight: Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine with Modern Pharmacology and Genomics for Assessing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2024

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

Published on: April 7, 2014

Area of Science:

Women's Health
Endocrinology
Gynecology

Background:

Perimenopause and menopause present diverse symptoms requiring comprehensive health assessments.
Lifestyle promotion and disease risk assessment are crucial for all women during this life stage.
Menopausal hormone therapy is the primary treatment for menopausal symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline the comprehensive management of women experiencing perimenopause and menopause.
To detail the indications and considerations for menopausal hormone therapy.
To present alternative nonhormonal treatments for menopausal symptom management.

Main Methods:

Review of current clinical guidelines and evidence regarding menopause management.
Assessment of the efficacy and safety of menopausal hormone therapy.
Evaluation of nonhormonal treatment options for menopausal symptoms.

Main Results:

Menopausal hormone therapy is the most effective treatment for menopausal symptoms.
It should be individualized, considering risks and benefits for symptomatic patients without contraindications.
Hormone therapy is recommended for premature ovarian insufficiency, irrespective of symptoms, unless contraindicated.

Conclusions:

Comprehensive health assessment, screening, and lifestyle promotion are essential for all women during perimenopause and postmenopause.
Menopausal hormone therapy offers significant benefits for symptom management and is recommended for premature ovarian insufficiency.
Nonhormonal medications provide viable alternatives for women with contraindications or preferences against hormone therapy.