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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Generating De Novo Antigen-specific Human T Cell Receptors by Retroviral Transduction of Centric Hemichain
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Innate TCRβ-chain engagement drives human T cells toward distinct memory-like effector phenotypes with

Pierre Vantourout1,2, Josephine Eum1,2, María Conde Poole1,2

  • 1Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.

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Nonclonotypic T cell receptor (TCR) engagement, specifically targeting TCRVβ motifs, induces unique T cell phenotypes. This discovery expands understanding of T cell responses and offers potential therapeutic strategies for immune modulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Adaptive Immunity

Background:

  • Adaptive immunity relies on clonotypic T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of antigens presented by MHC, MR1, or CD1.
  • TCR diversity, particularly in TCRγδ, arises from gene rearrangements, but TCRγδ also exhibits innate responses via germline-encoded interactions.
  • Butyrophilin (BTN) and BTN-like (BTNL) proteins mediate γδ T cell selection through nonclonotypic interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether nonclonotypic TCR engagement can induce distinct phenotypes in TCRαβ+ cells.
  • To characterize the T cell states induced by targeting germline-encoded TCRVβ motifs.
  • To explore the potential of nonclonotypic TCR targeting for therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized antibodies targeting germline-encoded human TCRVβ motifs.
  • Activated naïve and memory T cells.
  • Compared resulting T cell phenotypes with those induced by anti-CD3 or superantigens.

Main Results:

  • Nonclonotypic TCRVβ targeting activated T cells into distinct core states.
  • These states involved selective proliferation and effector function.
  • Induced activation-induced inhibitory receptors and promoted memory differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Nonclonotypic TCR engagement can elicit unique phenotypes in TCRαβ+ cells, broadening the understanding of T cell response modes.
  • Targeting TCRVβ motifs offers a novel approach to modulate T cell behavior.
  • This strategy holds potential for inducing clinically beneficial T cell phenotypes in specific subsets for therapeutic benefit.