Referent-oriented interactions in infancy: A naturalistic, longitudinal case study from an English-speaking household

Caregivers use a of combination labeling, pointing, object grasping, and gaze to communicate with infants about referents in their environment. By two years of age, children reliably use these referent-oriented cues to communicate and learn. While there is some evidence from lab-based studies that younger infants attend to and use referent-oriented cues during communication, some more naturalistic studies have found that in the first year of life, infants do not robustly leverage these cues during dyadic interactions. The current study examined parent and infant gaze, touching, pointing, and reaching to referents for a wide range of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and other early-learned words during 59 one-hour head-camera recordings sampled from one English-learning infants' life between 6 and 12 months of age. We found substantial variability across individual words for all cues. Some variability was explained by referent concreteness and the grammatical category of the label. The parent's touching of labeled referents increased across months, suggesting that parent-infant-referent interactions may change with development. Future studies should investigate the trajectories of specific types of words and contexts, rather than attempting to discover possibly non-existent universal trajectories of parent and infant referent-oriented behaviors.