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Interconnectable 3D-printed sample processing modules for portable mycotoxin screening of intact wheat.

Anouk J Bosman1, Stephan Freitag2, Georgina M S Ross1

  • 1Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|December 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces 3D-printed modules for rapid, on-site mycotoxin screening in wheat. The low-cost, portable device simplifies sample preparation, enabling quick and accurate detection of contaminants like deoxynivalenol (DON).

Keywords:
3D printingLC-MS/MSLateral flow devicesMycotoxin screeningPortableSample preparation

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science and Technology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • 3D Printing Applications

Background:

  • Growing demand for food and feed strains the food value chain.
  • Mycotoxin contamination in wheat is a critical food safety concern.
  • Current chromatographic methods (e.g., LC-MS/MS) are complex, expensive, and require extensive sample preparation, hindering on-site analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an inexpensive, portable, and user-friendly sample preparation device for rapid mycotoxin screening.
  • To enable on-site analysis of mycotoxins in wheat, overcoming limitations of traditional laboratory methods.
  • To facilitate sample-to-result workflow for mycotoxin detection.

Main Methods:

  • Development and characterization of 3D-printed, interconnectable modules for integrated sample preparation (grinding, extraction).
  • Comparison of sieve configurations for optimal grinding efficiency (selected 2 mm sieve for 10g wheat in 5 min).
  • Benchmarking against laboratory mill, commercial lateral flow devices (LFDs), and LC-MS/MS analysis; usability testing with first-time users.

Main Results:

  • A 3D-printed prototype successfully screened deoxynivalenol (DON) in naturally contaminated wheat at regulatory limits.
  • The entire process, from sample preparation to screening, takes only 15 minutes.
  • High correlation (R² = 0.96) observed between LFD and LC-MS/MS results; 10 first-time users operated the device with minimal instruction.

Conclusions:

  • 3D-printed sample handling equipment offers a viable solution for on-site, rapid mycotoxin determination in grains.
  • The prototype is low-cost (2.5€ material cost), uses biodegradable filament, and is producible with consumer-grade printers.
  • The modular design allows for future adaptation to other food commodities and mycotoxins.