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Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

Published on: December 29, 2016

Chalcogen bonding catalysis.

Govindasamy Sekar¹, Vysakh Venugopalan Nair¹, Jieping Zhu²

¹Department of Chemistry, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu-600 036, India. gsekar@iitm.ac.in.

Chemical Society Reviews

|December 7, 2023

Summary

Chalcogen bonding catalysis (ChB) is an emerging field in non-covalent catalysis. This review explores ChB, focusing on its application with chiral molecules and potential in asymmetric synthesis.

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Area of Science:

Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Catalysis is crucial for green and economic chemical synthesis.
Non-covalent catalysis, including hydrogen bonding (HB) and halogen bonding (XB), is gaining prominence.
Chalcogen bonding (ChB) catalysis is a nascent but promising area within non-covalent catalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a tutorial review on the emerging field of chalcogen bonding (ChB) catalysis.
To emphasize the application of ChB in the context of chiral molecules.
To discuss the fundamentals, challenges, and future directions of ChB catalysis.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on non-covalent bonding, HB, XB, and ChB catalysis.
Focus on studies involving chiral molecules and asymmetric catalysis.
Analysis of ChB's role in reaction mechanisms, transition state stabilization, and enantioseparation.

Main Results:

ChB catalysis is in its early stages, with no successful enantioselective applications reported yet.
ChB interactions can be utilized for synthesizing chiral chalcogenides.
ChB can potentially rigidify transition states and stabilize cations in chiral environments.

Conclusions:

Chalcogen bonding catalysis offers a new frontier in non-covalent catalysis, particularly for chiral applications.
Further research is needed to achieve successful enantioselective ChB catalysis.
ChB principles may be relevant in understanding chiral biomolecules and for enantioseparation techniques.