Zn-In Alloying Powder Solvent Free Electrode Toward High-Load Ampere-Hour Aqueous Zn-Mn Secondary Batteries

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to high safety, abundant reserves, low-cost, and high energy density. However, the reversibility of the metallic Zn anode in the mild electrolyte is still unsatisfactory, due to the Zn dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion passivation. Herein, a Zn-In alloying powder solvent free electrode is proposed to replace the Zn foil in ZIBs. The novel Zn anodes are constructed by a solvent-free manufacturing process with carbons, forming a 3D Zn deposition network and providing uniformly electric field distribution. The In on the Zn powder surface can increase the overpotential for hydrogen evolution and further improve the morphology of Zn deposition against dendrite growth. The Zn solvent-free electrodes enable the Zn-MnO₂ batteries with high cathode loading mass of 10-20 mg cm^-2 to achieve >380 stable cycles. Furthermore, the assembled soft package batteries of 2.4 Ah (52 Wh kg^-2) is evaluated and the capacity retention is maintained at 80% after 200 cycles at a high areal capacity of 5 mAh cm^-2 without gas evolution. This work offers a workable strategy to develop a durable Zn anode for the eventually commercial applications of aqueous Zn-Mn secondary batteries.