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Lead-Free Piezoelectric Transducers.

Erling Ringgaard, Franck Levassort, Ke Wang

    IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
    |December 7, 2023
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    Summary

    Lead-free piezoelectric materials are advancing, with identified applications in medical imaging and high-power transducers. Manufacturing requires complete datasets and considerations for availability and reproducibility.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Solid State Physics
    • Applied Physics

    Background:

    • Over 20 years of research in lead-free piezoelectric materials.
    • Lead-free materials offer alternatives to lead-based compositions like lead zirconate titanate.
    • Application-specific performance is emerging, though less universal than lead-based counterparts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the progress and current state of lead-free piezoelectric materials.
    • To categorize material systems and their suitability for transducer applications.
    • To highlight key considerations for large-scale manufacturing and commercialization.

    Main Methods:

    • Classification of lead-free piezoelectric materials into "soft" and "hard" categories.
    • Review of resonant transducer applications, including medical imaging and low-power devices.
    • Discussion of high-power transducer applications and manufacturing challenges.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrators and prototypes for various applications are now manufacturable.
    • Identified applications span medical imaging, low-power, and high-power transducers.
    • Key manufacturing considerations include data availability for modeling and commercialization factors like reproducibility.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant progress has been made in lead-free piezoelectric materials, enabling prototype development.
    • Specific applications are being realized, particularly in medical imaging and transducers.
    • Successful commercialization hinges on addressing data requirements and manufacturing scalability.