Protocol for fabrication of Pt/RuO₂/graphene bifunctional oxygen catalyst in Li-O₂ batteries

The commercial mass production of bifunctional oxygen catalysts with high activity and stability is critical for constructing high-performance lithium-oxygen (Li-O₂) batteries, but remains challenging. Herein, we describe a protocol for the scalable fabrication of a 2D bifunctional electrocatalyst of Pt/RuO₂/graphene by spatial confinement strategy and elaborately evaluate its oxygen reduction/evolution reactions for advanced Li-O₂ batteries. We then detail the synthesis steps for preparing materials followed by assembly and evaluation of the three-electrode systems and coin-type Li-O₂ batteries. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Li et al. (2023).¹.