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01:49Law of Segregation
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When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.
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00:57Inclusive Fitness
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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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01:29Non-nuclear Inheritance
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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01:29Nondisjunction
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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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01:49Hardy-Weinberg Principle
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Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
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02:03Law of Independent Assortment
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While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
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An Improved Mechanical Testing Method to Assess Bone-implant Anchorage
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Improving equity in patent inventorship.
Colleen V Chien1, Lisa Larrimore Ouellette2
1Berkeley Law and Berkeley Center for Law and Technology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 7, 2023
Summary
Broadening recognition for inventors can encourage more people to participate in innovation. This approach aims to foster greater engagement in the inventive process.
Area of Science:
- Social Sciences
- Economics
- Innovation Studies
Background:
- Current recognition systems for invention may not adequately capture all contributions.
- Limited recognition can be a barrier to entry for diverse innovators.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the impact of expanding credit for invention on participation.
- To identify mechanisms through which broader credit influences innovation engagement.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of patent data and inventor recognition metrics.
- Surveys and case studies on innovation ecosystems.
Main Results:
- Studies indicate a positive correlation between expanded inventor credit and increased participation.
Conclusions:
- Widening the scope of who receives credit for invention is a viable strategy to boost innovation.
- Policy and practice should consider more inclusive methods for recognizing inventive contributions.