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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Overview01:19

Mass Spectrometry: Overview

Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to determine the molecular mass and molecular formula of a compound. The basic principle of mass spectrometry is to generate ions from the analyte molecule and measure these ion abundances against their molecular mass. One common type of ionization, known as electron ionization or EI, bombards the analyte molecules in the gas phase with high-energy electron beams. The electron beams displace an electron from the molecule and leave behind a...
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)01:15

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)

The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. For example, the mass of helium...
IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids01:28

IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids

In IR spectroscopy of carboxylic acids, the C=O bond shows a characteristic band between 1710 and 1760 cm⁻¹, and the O–H bond exhibits a broad band between 2500 and 3300 cm⁻¹.
However, the stretching absorptions for the C=O bond vary depending on the structure of carboxylic acids. The C=O bond of the free carboxylic acids shows a higher stretching frequency, 1760 cm−1, while H-bonded carboxylic acids (dimers) exhibit stretching absorptions at a lower frequency, 1710 cm−1. The C=O bond of the...
Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:26

Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Infrared spectroscopy is primarily used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups. In carboxylic acid derivatives, a typical carbonyl bond absorption is observed around 1650–1850 cm−1. For esters, the absorption is recorded at around 1740 cm−1, while acid halides show the absorption at about 1800 cm−1. Another acid derivative, the acid anhydrides, exhibit two carbonyl absorption around 1760 cm−1 and 1820 cm−1, arising from the symmetrical and unsymmetrical carbonyl vibration.
In the...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems01:32

UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems

Organic compounds with conjugated double bonds show strong absorption features in the UV–visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum attributed to π → π* electronic excitations. Generally, a UV–vis absorption spectrum is recorded as a plot of absorbance vs wavelength. The wavelength of maximum absorbance, which manifests as a peak in the absorption spectrum, is denoted as λmax.
One of the factors influencing λmax is the extent of conjugation in the...
Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis01:21

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
GC–MS is a powerful hyphenated method commonly used in forensics and environmental...

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Conducting Miller-Urey Experiments
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The UCLA Cosmochemistry Database.

Bidong Zhang1, Kerstin A Lehnert2, Alan E Rubin3,4

  • 1Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1567, USA. bdzhang@ucla.edu.

Scientific Data
|December 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The UCLA Cosmochemistry Database preserves five decades of extraterrestrial material elemental composition data. This archive, utilizing atomic absorption spectrometry and neutron activation analysis, aids in understanding cosmic material origins.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmochemistry
  • Geochemistry
  • Planetary Science

Background:

  • Cosmochemical data are crucial for understanding extraterrestrial material origins.
  • Archiving historical analytical data ensures accessibility for future research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a comprehensive archive of cosmochemical data from UCLA.
  • To make elemental composition data of extraterrestrial materials readily available.

Main Methods:

  • Data rescue and storage project.
  • Utilized analytical techniques: atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and neutron activation analysis (NAA).
  • Data stored on the Astromaterials Data System (Astromat).

Main Results:

  • A curated database of elemental compositions for extraterrestrial materials analyzed over 50 years.
  • Interactive tables and downloadable datasheets are available for user access.
  • The database consolidates data acquired at UCLA.

Conclusions:

  • The UCLA Cosmochemistry Database serves as a vital resource for cosmochemical research.
  • Facilitates the examination, analysis, and classification of new extraterrestrial samples.
  • Enhances understanding of the nature and origin of extraterrestrial materials.