Sex-specific effects of a high fat diet on aortic inflammation and dysfunction

Obesity and vascular dysfunction are independent and sexually dimorphic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. A high fat diet (HFD) is often used to model obesity in mice, but the sex-specific effects of this diet on aortic inflammation and function are unclear. Therefore, we characterized the aortic immune cell profile and function in 6-week-old male and female C57BL/6 mice fed a normal chow diet (NCD) or HFD for 10 weeks. Metabolic parameters were measured weekly and fortnightly. At end point, aortic immune cell populations and endothelial function were characterized using flow cytometry and wire myography. HFD-male mice had higher bodyweight, blood cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin levels than NCD mice (P < 0.05). HFD did not alter systolic blood pressure (SBP), glycated hemoglobin or blood triglycerides in either sex. HFD-females had delayed increases in bodyweight with a transient increase in fasting blood glucose at week 8 (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry revealed fewer proinflammatory aortic monocytes in females fed a HFD compared to NCD. HFD did not affect aortic leukocyte populations in males. Conversely, HFD impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, but only in males. Overall, this highlights biological sex as a key factor determining vascular disease severity in HFD-fed mice.