Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.3K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
2.3K
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.0K
The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
2.0K
Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

7.8K
Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of...
7.8K
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

3.6K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
3.6K
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

1.8K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
1.8K
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

10.5K
In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
10.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Integrated assessment of thiram toxicity in pangasius fish: Erythrocytic abnormalities, gill and intestinal defense mechanisms, and genotoxicity.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Adsorption and sensing performance of graphenylene nanosheet toward chlorofluorocarbons; a theoretical study.

RSC advances·2026
Same author

<b>Taxonomic revision of the genus <i>Cryptochetum</i> Rondani, 1857 (Diptera: Cryptochetidae) from Pakistan with a new country record</b>.

Zootaxa·2026
Same author

External electric field-induced remarkable enhancement of the hyperpolarizability in aza-12-crown-4-based alkaline earthide complexes.

RSC advances·2026
Same author

15-Crown-5-based metalides: computational insights into excess electrons and enhanced NLO response.

Journal of molecular modeling·2026
Same author

Antioxidant-Optimised Insect Meal in Broiler Diets: A Systematic Approach to Enhance Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Meat Oxidative Stability.

Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation
09:58

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation

Published on: May 22, 2016

11.7K

Electrochemical C-H/C-C Bond Oxygenation: A Potential Technology for Plastic Depolymerization.

Sadia Rani1, Samina Aslam1, Kiran Lal1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan.

Chemical Record (New York, N.Y.)
|December 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Eco-friendly electrocatalytic methods enable selective oxidation using only oxygen sources, overcoming limitations of traditional methods. These approaches are key for chemical recycling of plastics and biomass by activating C-C/C-H bonds.

Keywords:
C−C bond cleavageC−H oxygenationElectrochemical oxygenationPlastic depolymerizationeco-friendly electrocatalysis

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS
06:34

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS

Published on: June 20, 2014

13.9K
Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
08:12

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Published on: December 16, 2022

3.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation
09:58

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation

Published on: May 22, 2016

11.7K
Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS
06:34

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS

Published on: June 20, 2014

13.9K
Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
08:12

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Published on: December 16, 2022

3.3K

Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry and Catalysis
  • Electrochemical Synthesis
  • Sustainable Materials Science

Background:

  • Traditional oxidative cleavage techniques often rely on heavy metals, stoichiometric oxidants, or harsh conditions, posing environmental and safety concerns.
  • Selective activation of inert carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds is a critical challenge in the chemical upcycling of recalcitrant polyolefin waste and biomass utilization.
  • Existing methods for plastic waste deconstruction and biomass valorization face limitations in efficiency and environmental impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present eco-friendly and safely operated electrocatalytic methods for selective oxidation reactions.
  • To explore the direct or indirect electrochemical conversion of C-C/C-H bonds as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical oxidations.
  • To review cutting-edge approaches for the chemical recycling of commercial plastics and discuss scalable C-C/C-H bond oxygenation routes.

Main Methods:

  • Electrocatalytic oxidation utilizing water, air, light, metal catalysts, or other mediators as the sole oxygen supply.
  • Direct and indirect electrochemical conversion strategies for activating inert C(sp3)-C and C(sp3)-H bonds.
  • Review of recent advancements in electrochemical oxidation for chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

Main Results:

  • Development of environmentally benign and safe electrocatalytic processes for selective oxidation.
  • Demonstration of electrochemical methods as a viable alternative to hazardous chemical oxidants for C-C/C-H bond activation.
  • Identification of promising routes for the industrial-scale chemical recycling of plastics and valorization of biomass.

Conclusions:

  • Electrocatalysis offers a sustainable and efficient pathway for selective oxidation, addressing limitations of previous methods.
  • The activation of C-C/C-H bonds via electrochemical means is crucial for advancing the chemical upcycling of plastic waste and biomass.
  • These reviewed electrocatalytic approaches hold significant potential for industrial scale-up in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors.