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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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A Choline-Based Antifreezing Complexing Agent with Selective Compatibility for Zn-Br2 Flow Batteries.

Ming Zhao1,2, Tao Cheng1,2, Tianyu Li1

  • 1Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|December 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A new choline-based complexing agent (CCA) effectively liquefies polybromides in zinc-bromine flow batteries (Zn-Br2 FBs) at low temperatures. This innovation enables stable, long-lasting battery performance even in sub-zero conditions.

Keywords:
antifreezingcholinecomplexing agentzinc–bromine flow battery

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • High freezing points of polybromides hinder zinc-bromine flow battery (Zn-Br2 FB) development.
  • Developing effective low-temperature electrolytes is crucial for expanding FB applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a choline-based complexing agent (CCA) to overcome polybromide freezing issues in Zn-Br2 FBs.
  • To enhance the low-temperature performance and cycle life of Zn-Br2 FBs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized a choline-based complexing agent (CCA) with N-methyl-N-ethyl-morpholinium salts (CCA-M).
  • Investigated the complexation of CCA-M with polybromide anions.
  • Evaluated the electrochemical performance of Zn-Br2 FBs using CCA-M at various temperatures.

Main Results:

  • The CCA-M effectively liquefied polybromides, remaining liquid down to -40 °C.
  • Zn-Br2 FBs with CCA-M demonstrated extended cycle life (>150 cycles) and high Coulombic efficiency (≈98.8%) at -20 °C.
  • At room temperature, batteries achieved over 1200 cycles with ≈94.7% Coulombic efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CCA-M is a highly effective antifreezing agent for polybromides in Zn-Br2 FBs.
  • This approach significantly improves low-temperature battery performance and cycle stability.
  • CCA-M shows potential for broader application in other low-temperature bromine-based energy storage systems.