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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

1.7K
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

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Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium01:11

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
554

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Cooling or Warming the Esophagus to Reduce Esophageal Injury During Left Atrial Ablation in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
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Cooling or Warming the Esophagus to Reduce Esophageal Injury During Left Atrial Ablation in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

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Difference in tissue temperature change between two cryoballoons.

Takahiro Hayashi1,2, Kohei Hamada3, Kiyotaka Iwasaki4,3,5

  • 1Cooperative Major in Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Joint Graduate School of Tokyo Women's Medical University and Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan th.tohoku.univ@gmail.com.

Open Heart
|December 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The POLARx cryoballoon system freezes biological tissue significantly colder than the Arctic Front Advance Pro (AFA-Pro) system. This difference in tissue temperature may explain higher complication rates observed with POLARx during atrial fibrillation ablation.

Keywords:
atrial fibrillationcatheter ablationsimulation training

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Interventions
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Device Technology

Background:

  • Arctic Front Advance Pro (AFA-Pro) is a standard cryoballoon for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.
  • The novel POLARx cryoballoon system has shown comparable acute outcomes but a higher complication rate, including phrenic nerve palsy.
  • The impact of these cryoballoons on biological tissue temperature remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare the tissue temperature changes induced by AFA-Pro and POLARx cryoballoons.
  • To investigate the thermal effects of different cryoballoon systems on biological tissue in a relevant model.

Main Methods:

  • A porcine myocardial tissue model simulating pulmonary vein anatomy and flow was utilized.
  • Controlled cryoablations were performed using both AFA-Pro and POLARx systems.
  • Tissue and balloon temperatures were measured using sensors after confirming pulmonary vein occlusion.

Main Results:

  • The mean tissue nadir temperature was significantly lower with POLARx (-58.4°C ± 5.9°C) compared to AFA-Pro (-41.5°C ± 4.9°C) (p<0.001).
  • The mean balloon nadir temperature was also significantly lower with POLARx (-64.7°C ± 3.8°C) versus AFA-Pro (-54.6°C ± 2.6°C) (p<0.001).
  • These findings indicate a more potent freezing capability of the POLARx system.

Conclusions:

  • The POLARx cryoballoon system demonstrates a significantly stronger freezing effect on biological tissue compared to AFA-Pro.
  • This enhanced freezing potential may contribute to the observed differences in complication rates, particularly phrenic nerve palsy.