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Related Concept Videos

Systematic Sampling Method01:17

Systematic Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
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Sampling Plans01:23

Sampling Plans

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Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
Random sampling is a method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. It involves selecting individuals randomly, often using random number generators or lottery-type methods. For example, when analyzing the properties of a...
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Convenience Sampling Method00:55

Convenience Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
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Cluster Sampling Method01:20

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Appropriate sampling methods ensure that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a cluster sample, divide the population into clusters (groups) and then randomly select some of the clusters. All the members from these clusters are in the cluster sample. For example, if you randomly sample four departments from your...
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Stratified Sampling Method01:16

Stratified Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a...
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Sampling Methods: Overview01:06

Sampling Methods: Overview

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A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
In analytical chemistry, the choice of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

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A toolkit for capturing a representative and equitable sample in health research.

Ameeta Retzer1,2,3,4, Bircan Ciytak5,6,7, Foram Khatsuria5,6,7

  • 1Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. a.retzer@bham.ac.uk.

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Summary

The REP-EQUITY toolkit promotes representative and equitable inclusion in health research. It offers seven steps to improve participant diversity, enhancing research generalizability and reducing health disparities.

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Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Clinical Trial Design
  • Health Equity

Background:

  • Research participant demographics often do not mirror the general population, leading to limited generalizability and perpetuating health inequalities.
  • Underserved groups, including those with lower expected inclusion, high healthcare burdens, or less healthcare engagement, are frequently excluded.
  • Systematic exclusion hinders the development of effective health interventions for all populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the REP-EQUITY toolkit, a resource designed to guide investigators in achieving representative and equitable participant inclusion in research.
  • To provide a structured, seven-step approach for enhancing sample selection processes in clinical research.
  • To address the critical need for diverse participation to improve the validity and applicability of health research findings.

Main Methods:

  • Development involved a methodological systematic review and synthesis of existing literature.
  • A consensus workshop with 24 participants finalized the toolkit's structure and content.
  • The toolkit outlines seven key steps for investigators to implement during sample selection.

Main Results:

  • The REP-EQUITY toolkit provides a clear framework with seven defined steps for investigators.
  • These steps cover defining underserved groups, equity aims, sample proportions, recruitment goals, managing external factors, evaluating representation, and documenting toolkit use.
  • Implementation of the toolkit is expected to foster trust and increase diverse participation.

Conclusions:

  • The REP-EQUITY toolkit offers a practical solution to improve representativeness and equity in research participant selection.
  • Its use can enhance the generalizability of health research findings and promote greater trust between communities and research institutions.
  • Adopting the toolkit is a crucial step towards reducing health disparities and ensuring research benefits all populations.