Recent Advances in the Behavioral Ecology of European Plethodontid Salamanders

There is a recent growing interest in the study of evolutionary and behavioral ecology of amphibians. Among salamanders, Plethodontidae is the most speciose family, with more than 500 species, while in Europe, there are only 8 species, all belonging to the genus Speleomantes. European plethodontids recently received increasing attention with regard to the study of their natural history, ecology and behavior; however, the lack of standardized data, especially for the latter, hampers comparative analysis with the species from the New World. We here synthetized the recent advances in Speleomantes behavioral ecology, considering as a starting point the comprehensive monography of Lanza and colleagues published in 2006. We identified the behavioral categories that were investigated the most, but we also highlighted knowledge gaps and provided directions for future studies. By reviewing the scientific literature published within the period 2006-2022, we observed a significant increase in the number of published articles on Speleomantes behavior, overall obtaining 36 articles. Behavioral studies on Speleomantes focused mainly on trophic behavior (42%), and on intraspecific behavior (33%), while studies on pheromonal communication and interspecific behavioral interactions were lacking. In addition, most of the studies were observational (83%), while the experimental method was rarely used. After providing a synthesis of the current knowledge, we suggest some relevant topics that need to be considered in future research on the behavioral ecology of European plethodontids, highlighting the importance of a more integrative approach in which both field observations and planned experiments are used.