Breaking Barriers: AI's Influence on Pathology and Oncology in Resource-Scarce Medical Systems

The application of artificial intelligence to improve the access of cancer patients to high-quality medical care is one of the goals of modern medicine. Pathology constitutes the foundation of modern oncologic treatment, and its role has expanded far beyond diagnosis into predicting treatment response and overall survival. However, the funding of pathology is often an afterthought in resource-scarce medical systems. The increased digitalization of pathology has paved the way towards the potential use of artificial intelligence tools for improving pathologist efficiency and extracting more information from tissues. In this review, we provide an overview of the main research directions intersecting with artificial intelligence and pathology in relation to oncology, such as tumor classification, the prediction of molecular alterations, and biomarker quantification. We then discuss examples of tools that have matured into clinical products and gained regulatory approval for clinical use. Finally, we highlight the main hurdles that stand in the way of the digitalization of pathology and the application of artificial intelligence in pathology while also discussing possible solutions.