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Related Concept Videos

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
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Carbocations02:10

Carbocations

11.3K
Carbocations are one of the reaction intermediates formed during several nucleophilic substitutions or elimination reactions. A carbocation is an electron-deficient species with the central carbon atom having six electrons and three bonded atoms. The central carbon in a carbocation is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar geometry. It has an empty p orbital perpendicular to the plane of the structure that can accept electrons. Thus, carbocations act as strong electrophiles and may react with any...
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Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

8.4K
The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
8.4K
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

2.7K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
2.7K
Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

810
In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
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Substituent Effects on Acidity of Carboxylic Acids01:31

Substituent Effects on Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

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The acidity of carboxylic acids is influenced by the nature of the substituents bounded to the functional group. The acid strength is determined by the stability of the carboxylate anion—the conjugate base formed by dissociating the corresponding carboxylic acid.
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Overcoming Low C2+ Yield in Acidic CO2 Electroreduction: Modulating Local Hydrophobicity for Enhanced Performance.

Zhe Yao1, Rui Lin1

  • 1School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|December 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Altering catalyst hydrophobicity significantly boosts electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2RR) in acidic media. This method suppresses hydrogen evolution, enhancing CO2RR efficiency and multi-carbon product yields for stable, industrial applications.

Keywords:
acidic CO2RRhetero‐catalysishydrophobicitymicroenvironment modulation

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR) in acidic media offers advantages like stable electrolyte cycling.
  • However, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and low multi-carbon (C2+) product yields hinder efficient CO2RR in acid.
  • Controlling the catalyst's local environment is key to overcoming these challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of local hydrophobicity on acidic CO2RR performance.
  • To develop a facile method for tuning catalyst hydrophobicity.
  • To enhance CO2RR efficiency, selectivity towards C2+ products, and operational stability in acidic media.

Main Methods:

  • Direct electrodeposition was used to finely tune catalyst layer hydrophobicity without additives.
  • Electrochemical performance was evaluated in acidic media (pH=2).
  • Long-term stability tests were conducted at industrially relevant current densities.

Main Results:

  • A highly hydrophobic microenvironment significantly suppressed HER and improved CO2RR performance.
  • Faradaic efficiency (FE) for C2+ products reached ~74% on electrodeposited copper in a hydrophobic environment.
  • The method demonstrated scalability, achieving ~81% total FE for CO2RR and ~62% FE for C2+ species with commercial copper.
  • Stable operation exceeding 50 hours at 300 mA cm-2 was achieved.

Conclusions:

  • Interface hydrophobicity plays a crucial role in enhancing acidic CO2RR.
  • The developed method is facile, universally applicable, and effective for producing high-value products via CO2RR in acidic media.
  • This approach offers a promising pathway for efficient and stable industrial CO2 conversion.