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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Decorated Vesicles as Prebiont Systems (a Hypothesis).

Martin Fisk1, Radu Popa2

  • 1College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA. martin.fisk@oregonstate.edu.

Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere : the Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life
|December 10, 2023
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Summary

Abiotic decorated vesicles in seafloor basalts exhibit life-like features, including enclosures and catalysts. These findings suggest their potential role in the origin of life on early Earth and exoplanets.

Keywords:
BasaltDecorated vesiclesOrigin of lifePrebiont systemProtobiontProtocell

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Astrobiology
  • Origin of Life Research

Background:

  • Deep seafloor basalts contain abiotic decorated vesicles.
  • These vesicles display features analogous to life, making them relevant for origin of life studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the life-analogous features of decorated vesicles found in deep seafloor basalts.
  • To assess the potential of these vesicles as models for prebiotic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of physical enclosure, carbon-assimilatory catalysts, semi-permeable boundaries, and energy sources within vesicles.
  • Examination of nanometer-to-micron-sized spherules as potential mineral proto-enzymes.
  • Study of secondary phyllosilicate minerals acting as molecular sieves.
  • Investigation of proton flux and pH changes across vesicle walls.

Main Results:

  • Vesicles possess physical enclosures, carbon-assimilatory catalysts (mineral spherules resembling FeS clusters), and semi-permeable boundaries (phyllosilicates).
  • Basalt glass in vesicle walls facilitates proton flux, leading to an alkaline internal pH and phyllosilicate production.
  • These features collectively mimic essential aspects of living systems.

Conclusions:

  • Decorated vesicles present a compelling abiotic model for early life.
  • They offer insights into prebiotic chemistry and planetary geocycle changes during life's origin.
  • These vesicles are valuable for studying early Earth and Earth-like exoplanet environments.