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When considering a sampled sequence with zero values between sampling instants, one can replace it by taking every N-th value of the sequence. At these integer multiples of N, the original and sampled sequences coincide. This process, known as decimation, involves extracting every N-th sample from a sequence, thereby creating a more efficient sequence.
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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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Managing signal sampling rates is essential in digital signal processing to maintain signal integrity. A decimated signal, characterized by a reduced frequency range due to its lower sampling rate, can be upsampled by inserting zeros between each sample. This upsampling process expands the original spectrum and introduces repeated spectral replicas at intervals dictated by the new Nyquist frequency. To refine this zero-inserted sequence, it is passed through a lowpass filter with a cutoff...
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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Enhanced payload volume in the least significant bits image steganography using hash function.

Yazeed Yasin Ghadi1, Tamara AlShloul2, Zahid Iqbal Nezami3

  • 1Department of Computer Science/Software Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, UAE.

Peerj. Computer Science
|December 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a secure method for hiding digital messages within images using steganography and encryption. The technique offers high data capacity and robust security, ensuring private communication.

Keywords:
Caesar cipherHash functionHigh payloadSteganography

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Information Security
  • Digital Image Processing

Background:

  • Steganography is the art of concealing messages within other data, like digital images.
  • Digital images are widely available and suitable for embedding secret information.
  • Existing steganography techniques vary in security and capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a secure, high-capacity communication system for private interaction.
  • To safeguard information concealed within digital images.
  • To enhance data security through dual-layer protection.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the four least significant bits (LSBs) for embedding secret messages.
  • Employing a hash function to secure the steganographic process.
  • Pre-encrypting messages using Caesar or Vigenère ciphers before steganography.
  • Modifying only the LSBs to maintain image imperceptibility.

Main Results:

  • The proposed method achieves high secret data capacity.
  • The technique demonstrates a high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).
  • Low mean square error (MSE) indicates minimal distortion in stego-images.

Conclusions:

  • The developed approach offers significant payload capacity for secret data.
  • Dual-layer security is achieved through encryption and steganography.
  • The method ensures imperceptible changes to the original image, maintaining visual integrity.