Unlocking the Power of EHRs: Harnessing Unstructured Data for Machine Learning-based Outcome Predictions

The integration of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) with Machine Learning (ML) models has become imperative in examining patient outcomes due to the vast amounts of clinical data they provide. However, critical information regarding social and behavioral factors that affect health, such as social isolation, stress, and mental health complexities, is often recorded in unstructured clinical notes, hindering its accessibility. This has resulted in an over-reliance on clinical data in current EHR-based research, potentially leading to disparities in health outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the impact of incorporating patient-specific context from unstructured EHR data on the accuracy and stability of ML algorithms for predicting mortality, using the MIMIC III database. Results from the study confirmed the significance of incorporating patient-specific information into prediction models, leading to a notable improvement in the discriminatory power and robustness of the ML algorithms. Furthermore, the findings underline the importance of considering non-clinical factors related to a patient's daily life, in addition to clinical factors, when making predictions about patient outcomes. The advent of advanced generative models, such as GPT-4, presents new opportunities for effectively extracting social and behavioral factors from unstructured clinical notes, further enhancing the accuracy and stability of ML algorithms in predicting patient outcomes. The results of our study have significant ramifications for improving ML in clinical decision support and patient outcome predictions, specifically highlighting the potential role of generative models like GPT-4 in advancing ML-based outcome predictions.