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Family Functioning in Children With ADHD and Subthreshold ADHD: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study.

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Families with children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or subthreshold ADHD (ST-ADHD) experience persistent challenges in family functioning. These issues may worsen over time, indicating a need for targeted support.

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Area of Science:

  • Child Psychology
  • Family Studies
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) significantly impacts children and their families.
  • Understanding the long-term effects of ADHD and subthreshold ADHD (ST-ADHD) on family dynamics is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare family functioning trajectories over time in elementary school children with ADHD, ST-ADHD, and without ADHD (Control).
  • To identify specific domains of family functioning that are affected by childhood ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study design with assessments at baseline, 18-month, and 36-month follow-ups.
  • Utilized Conners 3 ADHD Index and Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV for ADHD assessment.
  • Employed parent-completed measures for various family functioning domains.

Main Results:

  • At baseline, ADHD and ST-ADHD groups reported higher psychological distress, lower parenting self-efficacy, and more stressful life events compared to controls.
  • Both ADHD and ST-ADHD groups experienced poorer family quality of life (QoL) and increased parenting anger.
  • Over time, ADHD and ST-ADHD groups showed decreases in parent-partner support and parenting warmth, respectively, with worsening family QoL aspects.

Conclusions:

  • Families of children with ADHD and ST-ADHD exhibit persistently poor or deteriorating family functioning.
  • Findings underscore the necessity for tailored psychosocial support systems for families affected by childhood ADHD.