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Family Functioning in Children With ADHD and Subthreshold ADHD: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study
Sampada Bhide1,2, Daryl Efron3,4,5, Obioha C Ukoumunne6
1School of Pychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
Journal of Attention Disorders
|December 12, 2023
Summary
Families with children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or subthreshold ADHD (ST-ADHD) experience persistent challenges in family functioning. These issues may worsen over time, indicating a need for targeted support.
Area of Science:
- Child Psychology
- Family Studies
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Background:
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) significantly impacts children and their families.
- Understanding the long-term effects of ADHD and subthreshold ADHD (ST-ADHD) on family dynamics is crucial for developing effective interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare family functioning trajectories over time in elementary school children with ADHD, ST-ADHD, and without ADHD (Control).
- To identify specific domains of family functioning that are affected by childhood ADHD.
Main Methods:
- Longitudinal study design with assessments at baseline, 18-month, and 36-month follow-ups.
- Utilized Conners 3 ADHD Index and Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV for ADHD assessment.
- Employed parent-completed measures for various family functioning domains.
Main Results:
- At baseline, ADHD and ST-ADHD groups reported higher psychological distress, lower parenting self-efficacy, and more stressful life events compared to controls.
- Both ADHD and ST-ADHD groups experienced poorer family quality of life (QoL) and increased parenting anger.
- Over time, ADHD and ST-ADHD groups showed decreases in parent-partner support and parenting warmth, respectively, with worsening family QoL aspects.
Conclusions:
- Families of children with ADHD and ST-ADHD exhibit persistently poor or deteriorating family functioning.
- Findings underscore the necessity for tailored psychosocial support systems for families affected by childhood ADHD.
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