Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes
10:34

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2017

7.6K

HIV-1 capsid and viral DNA integration

Richa Dwivedi1,2, Prem Prakash1,3, Bajarang Vasant Kumbhar4

  • 1The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

Mbio
|December 12, 2023
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid protein (CA) is a key target for antiviral drugs. Understanding its multifaceted roles, including newly discovered post-nuclear functions, is crucial for developing next-generation HIV-1 inhibitors.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid protein (CA) plays critical roles in viral replication within host cells.
  • CA is multifunctional and genetically fragile, making it a validated therapeutic target.
  • The first CA-targeting antiviral drug has been approved for multi-drug resistant HIV-1 infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of the multifunctional roles of HIV-1 CA in viral replication.
  • To emphasize newly identified post-nuclear functions of CA.
  • To highlight knowledge gaps and suggest future research directions for CA inhibitor development.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research findings.
  • Literature review focusing on the roles of HIV-1 CA in viral replication.
  • Analysis of current understanding and identification of research gaps.

Main Results:

  • HIV-1 CA is essential for multiple stages of viral replication in both the cytoplasm and nucleus.
  • Recent research has uncovered novel post-nuclear roles for CA.
  • CA's multifunctional nature and genetic fragility present both challenges and opportunities for antiviral development.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of CA's diverse functions, especially its post-nuclear activities, is vital for advancing HIV-1 therapeutics.
  • Further research is needed to address current knowledge gaps regarding CA's roles.
  • Targeting CA remains a high-priority strategy for combating HIV-1, particularly drug-resistant strains.
Keywords:
HIVcapsidintegrationnuclear entryreverse transcription

More Related Videos

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites09:31

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Published on: March 22, 2016

17.7K
Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis NAME Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors08:33

Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis NAME Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors

Published on: January 19, 2015

9.0K

Related Concept Videos

Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
62.3K
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
46.0K
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.3K
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
5.1K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
32.3K
What are Viruses?00:50

What are Viruses?

Overview
115.0K